Physiological regulation of salicylic acid on Helianthus tubeuosus upon copper stress and root FTIR analysis / 生物工程学报

Phytoremediation plays an important role in the treatment of heavy metal pollution in soil. In order to elucidate the mechanism of salicylic acid (SA) on copper absorption, seedlings from Xuzhou (with strong Cu-tolerance) and Weifang Helianthus tuberosus cultivars (with weak Cu-tolerance) were selected for pot culture experiments. 1 mmol/L SA was sprayed upon 300 mg/kg soil copper stress, and the photosynthesis, leaf antioxidant system, several essential mineral nutrients and the changes of root upon copper stress were analyzed to explore the mechanism of copper resistance. The results showed that Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci upon copper stress decreased significantly compared to the control group. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid decreased with significant increase in initial fluorescence (F0), maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), electron transfer rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) content all decreased. The ascorbic acid (AsA) content was decreased, the glutathione (GSH) value was increased, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in the leaves were decreased, and the peroxidase (POD) activity was significantly increased. SA increased the Cu content in the ground and root system, and weakened the nutrient uptake capacity of K, Ca, Mg, and Zn in the root stem and leaves. Spray of exogenous SA can maintain the opening of leaf stomata, improve the adverse effect of copper on photosynthetic pigment and PSⅡ reaction center. Mediating the SOD and APX activity started the AsA-GSH cycle process, effectively regulated the antioxidant enzyme system in chrysanthemum taro, significantly reduced the copper content of all parts of the plant, and improved the ion exchange capacity in the body. External SA increased the content of the negative electric group on the root by changing the proportion of components in the root, promoted the absorption of mineral nutrient elements and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances, strengthened the fixation effect of the root on metal copper, and avoided its massive accumulation in the H. tuberosus body, so as to alleviate the inhibitory effect of copper on plant growth. The study revealed the physiological regulation of SA upon copper stress, and provided a theoretical basis for planting H. tuberosus to repair soil copper pollution.

Fermentação ruminal de ovinos alimentados com alto concentrado e grãos de girassol ou gordura protegida / Ruminal fermentation of sheep fed high-concentrated diet containing sunflower grains or protected fat

Seis ovinos machos, não castrados, da raça Santa Inês, com média de peso de 30kg, fistulados no rúmen, foram distribuídos em delineamento de quadrado-latino duplo (3x3). Três períodos e três dietas, uma controle, sem inclusão de fonte de lipídio, e duas com inclusão de grãos de girassol ou gordura protegida, foram testados quanto aos parâmetros ruminais. Foram verificadas diferenças (P<0,05) entre as dietas quanto à concentração ruminal de amônia (18mg/dL), mas não houve efeito sobre o pH (6,1), a produção total de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (98mM), a proporção de acetato (66,4 por cento), de propionato (20 por cento) e de butirato (13 por cento) e sobre a razão acetato:propionato (3,2:1). As bactérias sólido-aderidas isoladas do conteúdo ruminal dos animais recebendo a dieta-controle apresentaram maior teor de nitrogênio (10,7 por cento) que as das dietas com gordura protegida (9,8 por cento) ou com grãos de girassol (9,1 por cento). A produção de nitrogênio pelas bactérias sólido-aderidas da dieta-controle (170mg/g) não diferiu da dieta com grãos de girassol (153mg/kg) ou com gordura protegida (160mg/kg). A inclusão de grãos de girassol ou gordura protegida na dieta com alto concentrado para ovinos propiciou ambiente adequado para fermentação ruminal.

Six not castrated Santa Inês breed male sheep, weighing 30kg, fistulated in the rumen, were randomly alloted in a double Latin-Square design (3x3). Three periods and three diets, a control without addition of the lipid source, and two with addition of sunflower seeds or protected fat, were tested on the ruminal fermentation. Differences (P<0.05) between diets for ruminal ammonia concentration (18mg/dL) were observed. However, effects were not detected on pH (6.1); the total production of short-chain fatty acids (98mM); proportions of acetate (66.4 percent), propionate (20 percent), and butyrate (13 percent); and acetate:propionate ratio (3.2:1). The solid-adherent bacteria isolated from the rumen content of animals fed control diet had higher nitrogen content (10.7 percent) than those fed protected fat diet (9.8 percent) or sunflower seeds diet (9.1 percent). The production of nitrogen by bacteria attached to solid-control diet (170mg/kg) did not differ from sunflower seeds (153mg/kg) or protected fat diets (160mg/kg). The inclusion of sunflower seeds or protected fat in diets with high concentrate for sheep provided suitable environment for rumen fermentation.

Avaliação nutricional e energética do farelo de girassol para aves / Nutritional and energetic evaluation of sunflower meal in broiler diets

Foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo a fim de determinar a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), por meio do método de coleta total de excretas com frangos, e a energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMV) e a digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos do farelo de girassol, por meio do método de alimentação forçada com galos cecectomizados. No primeiro ensaio, foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso com 80 frangos Cobb, distribuídos em dois tratamentos, ração referência (RR) e RR mais 20 por cento de inclusão de farelo de girassol e oito repetições e cinco aves por unidade experimental. No segundo ensaio, foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso com 14 galos Leghorn, distribuídos em dois tratamentos, farelo de girassol e jejum, sete repetições e um galo por unidade experimental. O farelo de girassol apresentou 90,0 por cento de matéria seca, 28,1 por cento de proteína bruta, 4.42kcal/kg de energia bruta, 22,4 por cento de fibra bruta, 2,9 por cento de extrato etéreo, 0,8 por cento de fósforo e 0,3 por cento de cálcio. A EMV, a EMV corrigida, a EMA e a EMA corrigida determinadas foram 3.013; 2.200; 2.141 e 1.983kcal/kg, respectivamente. A lisina foi o aminoácido essencial que apresentou a menor digestibilidade e a arginina, a maior.

Two experiments were carried out to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME), by the method of total excreta collection using broilers; and true metabolizable energy (TME) and true amino acid digestibility of sunflower meal (SFM), by the method of forced feeding using cecectomized roosters. In the first experiment, a completely randomized experimental design, with two treatments (reference diet (RD) and RD plus 20 percent SFM inclusion) with eight replicates of five birds each, was applied. In the second experiment, a completely randomized experimental design, with two treatments (SFM vs. fasting) with seven replicates of one rooster each, was used. Sunflower meal presented 90,0 percent dry matter, 28.1 percent crude protein, 4,429kcal/kg crude energy, 22.4 percent crude fiber, 2.9 percent ether extract, 0.8 percent phosphorus, and 0.3 percent calcium. TME, nitrogen-corrected TME, AME, and nitrogen-corrected AME were: 3,013; 2,200; 2,141; and 1,983 kcal/kg, respectively. Lysine was the essential amino acid that presented the lowest digestibility, and arginine, the highest. It is important to constantly upgrade energy and nutrient values of feedstuffs used in feed formulation to supply poultry nutritional requirements.

Abnormal anther development and high sporopollenin synthesis in benzotriazole treated male sterile Helianthus annuus L.

Foliar application of 1.5% benzotriazole induced 100% pollen sterility in H. annuus. Pollen abortion in treated plants was mainly associated with abnormal behaviour of tapetum. A limited number of anther locule showed early degeneration of tapetum followed by disintegration of sporogenous tissues. On the other hand, some locules showed normal development of tapetum at initial stages. However, this tapetum exhibited degenerated and non-functional cell organelles. In both these situations tapetum failed to provide proper nourishment to developing microspores. The ultrastructure of both tapetum and microspores is different from that of control material with irregularities of exine deposition, endopolyploidy of tapetal nuclei and an alteration of organelle composition being correlated with sterility. Pollen grains thus developed were devoid of nucleus and cell organelles and were complete sterile.

Cambio en la flora intestinal de ratones por la administración de bifidobacterias y jugo de girasol / Intestinal microflora changes in mice by bifidobacteria and sunflower juice

Entre los microorganismos intestinales que tienen efectos metabólicos importantes e interacciones benéficas con el hospedero están las bifidobacterias. La implantación y sobrevivencia de este microorganismo cuando se administra como probiótico dependerá en gran medida del tipo de dieta que el huésped consuma, la cual puede promover o no la proliferación de las bifidobacterias. En este estudio se investigó el efecto de los polifructanos del jugo de girasol como promotores de la proliferación de los bífidos en el intestino de ratón y su influencia en la composición de la flora intestinal. Se administró a una población de ratones, jugos de girasol y bifidobacterias. Los ratones que se alimentaron con jugo de girasol y bifidobacterias mostraron una disminución relativa de enterobacterias, estafilococos, estreptococos y lactobacilos, así como un aumento de los anaerobios totales. Se observa que la implantación de bifidobacterias administradas exógenamente es mayor cuando se complementa con la administración de jugo de girasol

Effect of continuous and intermittent heating of crude oils of some sunflower cultivars cultivated in Fayoum

The effect of continuous and intermittent heating of crude oils extracted from 5 sunflower cultivars cultivated in Fayoum; namely, Meiak, French, White, Striped and El-Kahira was studied. During continuous heating at 120C for 20 hours, the peroxide and thiobarbituric acid [TBA] values of oils gradually increased to reach their maximum after 10-18 hours and 16-20 hours, respectively, while at 150C they reached their maximum after 2-8 hours and 6-10 hours, respectively. Then, some decreases were recorded up to 20 hours of heating. Meanwhile, during intermittent static heating some physical and chemical changes of sunflower kernel oil occurred; hence, gradual increase in refractive index, viscosity, formation of polymeric materials, peroxide value and TBA, and gradual decrease in iodine value were recorded. On the basis of the obtained results, it was clear that Meiak and French cultivars gave lower acidity which makes them more promising to be used for oil production